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MEMBRANE PROTEIN FACTORY MAY LEAD TO NEW DRUG TREATMENTS
Membrane proteins perform essential processes in the cell, such as controlling the flow of information and materials between cells and mediating activities like nerve impulses and hormone action. These proteins are located in the rugged, oily two-layered membrane that holds the cell together. One-third of the genome of any organism encodes membrane proteins. "When a cell is attacked by a virus or a bacterium, primary entry into the cell is via an association with proteins in the cell membrane," said Argonne biophysicist Phil Laible. "In addition, in many disease states, the essential processes controlled by membrane proteins go awry. That is why so many membrane proteins are drug targets." Biologists use three-dimensional images of proteins to better understand how proteins work. In drug design, for instance, the 3-D images help researchers develop a drug that specifically blocks binding of a biological attacker that would cause disease. Researchers in Argonne's Biosciences Division are world leaders in automating the many steps it takes to determine 3-D structures of proteins and have cut time and costs doing it. The structures of thousands of proteins are now known. "But those are water-soluble proteins," said biochemist Deborah Hanson, who patented the bacterial factory with colleague Laible. "Membrane proteins are harder to study at every step. "The first step in studying most proteins is to dissolve them in water," Hanson said, "but that does not work with membrane proteins that live in the oily, lipid bi-layer that surrounds the cell.” Researchers studying water-soluble proteins often use commercial E. coli -based systems to express, or produce, copies of the protein. When membrane proteins are produced in E. coli, they overload the cell's bi-layers and cause the cells to die. The sources that have yielded the majority of the few known membrane-protein structures are organisms in which the target membrane protein is naturally abundant. Laible and Hanson took advantage of the natural characteristics of the Rhodobacter species of photosynthetic bacteria they were working with in another project. Under certain conditions, in response to light or oxygen, Rhodobacter naturally produces large quantities of internal membranes. The biologists developed a system that successfully expresses hundreds of copies of a chosen membrane protein in Rhodobacter while simultaneously synthesizing the internal membranes they want to live in. So far the team has cloned about 500 genes into Rhodobacter. "First," Laible said, "we produced a variety of membrane proteins of different sizes, functions and physical properties, and we have had a 60 percent success rate with them. Now we have cloned all of the membrane proteins of E. coli and are continuing production." As they continue to manufacture different membrane proteins, the team is tackling the next step to creating a pathway to protein crystallization for membrane proteins by developing specialized molecules, or reagents. "We are working," Laible said, "with a multidisciplinary team from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the University of Illinois-Chicago and deCODE biostructures, Inc. of Bainbridge Island, Washington." They will focus on three types of reagents: Designer detergents that remove the membrane protein from the lipid bi-layer where it resides,
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